Dated G-Secs vs. T-bills vs. SDLs: Differences and Similarities

The government bonds market is by far the largest investment securities market in the world. Specifically, the Indian government bonds market size is around $1.2 trillion or a mind-boggling Rs. 100 lakh crores.

Mainly, there are three Types of Government Bonds or securities in India:

  1. Dated G-secs (or Dated Government Securities): Issued by the central government
  2. T-bills (or Treasury Bills): Issued by the central government
  3. SDLs (or State Development Loans): Issued by the state governments

This article will discuss each of the main types of government bonds and compare them to highlight their similarities and differences.

What are Dated G-secs or Dated Government Securities?

Dated G-secs are long-term Government Bonds issued by the central government. There are several types of Dated G-Secs available but the following are the most popular.

  1. Fixed rate Dated G-secs
  2. Floating rate Dated G-secs (also called FRBs = Floating Rate Bonds)
  3. Sovereign Gold Bonds or SGBs
  4. Inflation Indexed Bonds or IIBs
  5. 7.75% Savings (Taxable) Bonds, 2018

Dated G-secs are normal interest paying bonds with a semi-annual interest payment frequency.

What are T-bills or treasury bills?

A treasury bill is a short-term (less than one year) government security issued by the central government. Treasury bills have one of three tenures: 91 days, 182 days or 364 days.

Unlike normal Bonds that pay interest, T-bills are zero coupon instruments. Simply put, T-bills don’t pay regular interest but rather pay the entire profit at maturity.

Normal interest-paying bonds are issued at face values that are round numbers (for example, Rs. 1,000). However, T-bills and other zero coupon bonds are issued at a discounted price to the face value. The investor of a zero coupon bond receives the face value at maturity.

For example, a T-bill with a face value of Rs. 1,000 may be issued at a discount price of Rs. 950. On the maturity date, the T-bill investor will get the face value of Rs. 1,000.

What are SDLs or State Development Loans?

SDLs are long-term bonds issued by individual Indian states to finance state level budget deficits. Similar to the bonds issued by the central government, SDLs also have a sovereign guarantee.

Most SDLs are issued with a 10-year tenure and have a semi-annual interest payment frequency.

Dated G-secs vs. T-bills vs. SDLs

 

Dated G-Secs T-bills SDLs
Full form Dated government securities Treasury bills State Development Loans
Definition Long-term bonds issued by the central government Short-term bonds issued by the central government Long-term bonds issued by the state government
Sub-types Fixed rate bonds, Floating rate bonds, Sovereign Gold Bonds etc. Not applicable Not applicable
Managed by The Reserve Bank of India The Reserve Bank of India The Reserve Bank of India
Issued by Government of India Government of India Individual state governments
Safety Highest among all bonds Highest among all bonds Very high but slightly less than the bonds issued by the central government
Does it pay interest? Interest paying bond Zero coupon bond Interest paying bond
Interest frequency Semi-annual Not applicable Semi-annual
Expected return (YTM in Jan 2023) Around 7.5% for 10 year G-Sec if held until maturity Around 6.8% for 364-day T-bill if held until maturity Depends on the state issuing the SDL but most are around 7.7%
Tenure 5 years to 40 years 91/182/364 days Mostly 10 years but could be longer too
Is the interest rate fixed? Fixed in most cases. Some Dated G-secs may have floating interest rates Not applicable Yes
Tax saving feature Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Is tax exempt? No No No
Is TDS applicable on interest payments? No No No
Can act as collateral for bank loans? Yes Yes Yes
Can act as collateral for trading margin? Yes Yes Yes
Liquidity Very good because of high trading volumes Very good because of high trading volumes Liquidity is bad because of low SDL trading volumes
Ease of investment Easy, online investing is available Easy, online investing is available Easy, online investing is available
Alternative method of investing Available through debt mutual funds/ETFs/PMS Available through debt mutual funds/ETFs/PMS Available through debt mutual funds/ETFs/PMS
Face value Rs. 100 Rs. 100 Rs. 100
Minimum investment Direct: Rs. 10,000
Through mutual funds: Rs. 500
Direct: Rs. 10,000 Through mutual funds: Rs. 500 Direct: Rs. 10,000 Through mutual funds: Rs. 500
How to invest? RBI Retail Direct or Your demat account RBI Retail Direct or Your demat account RBI Retail Direct or Your demat account
Taxation on interest payments Considered as a part of your income and taxed accordingly Not applicable Considered as a part of your income and taxed accordingly
Taxation on short term capital gains Considered as a part of your income and taxed accordingly Considered as a part of your income and taxed accordingly Considered as a part of your income and taxed accordingly
Taxation on long term capital gains 20% flat tax with the benefit of indexation Not applicable 20% flat tax with the benefit of indexation
What are the investment risk(s)? Interest rate risk and reinvestment risk No prominent risk Interest rate risk, reinvestment risk and liquidity risk

Risks of investing in Government securities in India

There are 4 types of risks to which a government security may be exposed. Let’s define the risks and then see which government securities are exposed to them.

Credit default risk:

Credit default risk is the risk that the bond issuer (borrower of money) is unable to repay the debt obligation to the bondholders.

The stronger the financial position of the bond issuer, the lower is the credit risk and vice versa.

Interest rate risk:

Interest rates and bond prices are inversely related. Interest rate risk refers to the risk that the price of the bond may fall if the interest rate in the markets goes up.

Lear more about: Bond Yield vs Interest Rate

The longer the balance maturity of a bond, the higher will be the impact of changing interest rate on it.

Reinvestment risk:

Reinvestment risk is the risk that investors will not be able to reinvest the interest payments/coupons received at the same interest rate as the original bond.

For example: Suppose the interest rate of your bond is 8%. When you receive the interest and want to reinvest it, you may not be able to reinvest it at 8% but rather at a lower interest rate.

Liquidity risk:

Liquidity risk is the risk that investors will not be able to liquidate/encash the bond quickly and at a fair market value.

This happens because of inadequate demand for the bond in the market.

Risk associated with all government securities:

Instrument Credit default risk Interest rate risk Reinvestment risk Liquidity risk
Dated G-sec None High High Very low
T-bill None Very low Not applicable Very low
SDL Very low High High Moderate